Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Enzyme Nanoparticles.

Enzymes are fundamental biocatalysts, which regulate various metabolic reactions. They exhibit high substrate specificity, sensitivity, and exceptional catalytic activity under ideal conditions and, hence, have been used as industrial catalysts. Enzyme nanoparticles have attracted the scientific community as they can be used for environment protection, biochemical engineering, and biomedicine. It is necessary to understand the nature of enzyme nanoparticles interactions with their analyte. Various types of enzyme/protein nanoparticles have been immobilized onto a matrix (electrode or membrane) for the fabrication of biosensors. Among the various nanoparticles and nanomaterials, organic nanoparticles have received more attention due to their fascinating properties. Therefore, the future research should be focused to develop advanced biosensors based on enzyme nanoparticles that could be used for early diagnosis and management of chronic diseases. This chapter explains various enzyme nanoparticles-based biosensors, such as GOX, HRP, uricase, cholesterol oxidase, hemoglobin, and their biomedical applications.