Bioelectronic tongue: Current status and perspectives.

In the course of evolution, nature has endowed humans with systems for the recognition of a wide range of tastes with a sensitivity and selectivity which are indispensable for the evaluation of edibility and flavour attributes. Inspiration by a biological sense of taste has become a basis for the design of instruments, operation principles and parameters enabling to mimic the unique properties of their biological precursors. In response to the demand for fast, sensitive and selective techniques of flavouring analysis, devices belonging to the group of bioelectronic tongues (B-ETs) have been designed. They combine achievements of chemometric analysis employed for many years in electronic tongues (ETs), with unique properties of bio-inspired materials, such as natural taste receptors (TRs) regarding receptor/ligand affinity. Investigations of the efficiency of the prototype devices create new application possibilities and suggest successful implementation in real applications. With advances in the field of biotechnology, microfluidics and nanotechnologies, many exciting developments have been made in the design of B-ETs in the last five years or so. The presented characteristics of the recent design solutions, application possibilities, critical evaluation of potentialities and limitations as well as the outline of further development prospects related to B-ETs should contribute to the systematisation and expansion of our knowledge.