Development of a fluorescent DNA nanomachine for ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella enteritidis without labeling and enzymes.

A capture probe complex containing a specific Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) aptamer and partly hybridized signal trigger sequence was designed with the ability to directly detect viable S. enteritidis. In the presence of the target S. enteritidis, single-stranded trigger sequences were liberated and in turn reacted with hairpins I, II, and III to initiate the triple strand migration reaction; this in turn produced numerous hairpin I·II·III complexes with scaffolds of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and replaced the trigger sequence which initiated the next cycle of triple migration reaction. Cyclically, the reuse of the trigger sequences and the successive, cascading production of scaffolds of CuNPs achieved the synthesis of highly fluorescent CuNPs, thus providing significantly enhanced fluorescent signals to achieve ultrasensitive detection of live S. enteritidis as low as 25 CFU/mL with a linear range of detection from 50 to 104 CFU/mL with an emission wavelength at 590 nm. By integrating the triple cascade strand migration amplification with recyclable trigger sequences, aptamer-based target recognition, and self-protection mediated by CuNPs hairpin scaffolds, this is the first report on a non-labeled, non-enzymatic, modification-free, and DNA extraction-free ultrasensitive fluorescent biosensor for the direct detection of live Salmonella, which is distinguished from dead Salmonella. It also provides a new strategy to detect viable bacteria by applying the CuNPs, thus extending the application of metal nanoparticles. Graphical abstract.