Sensors and microarrays in protein biomarker monitoring: an electrochemical perspective spots.

The development of clinically applicable portable sensors and multiplex protein biomarker assays is one of the most important goals of laboratory medicine today. Sensing strategies based on electrochemical devices are discussed in this overview, with special emphasis on detection principles derived from voltammetry, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, bipolar electrochemistry and impedance-based measurements. Up-to-date examples of electrochemical methods in biomedical research and development are highlighted here, including critical evaluation and future directions of the analysis, development and validation of new protein biomarkers.