Nanomaterials for optical biosensors in forensic analysis.

Biosensors are compact analytical devices capable of transducing a biological interaction event into a measurable signal outcome in real-time. They can provide sensitive and affordable analysis of samples without the need for additional laboratory equipment or complex preparation steps. Biosensors may be beneficial for forensic analysis as they can facilitate large-scale high-throughput, sensitive screening of forensic samples to detect target molecules that are of high evidential value. Nanomaterials are gaining attention as desirable components of biosensors that can enhance detection and signal efficiency. Biosensors that incorporate nanomaterials within their design have been widely reported and developed for medical purposes but are yet to find routine employment within forensic science despite their proven potential. In this article, key examples of the use of nanomaterials within optical biosensors designed for forensic analysis are outlined. Their design and mechanism of detection are both considered throughout, discussing how nanomaterials can enhance the detection of the target analyte. The critical evaluation of the optical biosensors detailed within this review article should help to guide future optical biosensor design via the incorporation of nanomaterials, for not only forensic analysis but alternative analytical fields where such biosensors may prove a valuable addition to current workflows.