Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors: 60 years later … Quo Vadis?

Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors represent powerful tools for remote medicine and in situ analysis. Nowadays, billions of people are surrounded by enzyme-based amperometric biosensors even considering their relatively young age … only 60 years! In this period, many researchers, dealing mostly with the same target molecules as in early times, have developed novel strategies to tackle electron transfer issues and to realise stable, sensitive, and selective biosensors. Besides marking 60 years from the first enzyme-based amperometric biosensor, this review aims at summarising the technological advancements in the field mainly considering three enzyme families: d-glucose oxidising enzymes, d-fructose oxidising enzymes and l-lactate oxidising enzymes. It is an overview of the past (previous five decades) and current advancements (2010-2020) from the electrode platform tailoring to the technological production and applications (e.g., in situ biosensors, Point-of-Care (PoC), wearable biosensors etc.) focused on few enzymes.