传感器类型
综述或非传感器论文
检测对象
四环素类(tetracyclines, tc;包括四环素 tetracycline、土霉素 oxytetracycline、无水四环素 anhydrotetracycline atc);样品基质:大鼠肠内容物、无菌土壤、牛奶、猪血清
检测原理
TetR 以同源二聚体形式结合 tetO 操纵序列,抑制四环素敏感启动子(如 PLtetO-1、PtetA、Pxyl/tet)驱动的报告基因转录。当样品中的四环素(tc)、无水四环素(atc)或衍生物进入细胞并结合 TetR 的诱导结合口袋时,TetR 发生构象变化,从 tetO 解离,启动子去抑制,报告基因(GFP、荧光素酶或 β-半乳糖苷酶)表达。报告蛋白积累产生荧光、发光或酶活信号,信号强度随四环素浓度升高而增强。引入 tet(M) 外排/抗性元件可提高细胞耐受性,使更高浓度四环素下仍能检测,从而扩展动态范围。
检测灵敏度
未报告
效应效果
综述报道 TetR 全细胞生物传感器可用于大鼠肠内四环素检测与定量、无菌土壤中 Streptomyces rimosus 土霉素合成监测,以及牛奶和猪血清中四环素检测;引入 tet(M) 后检测浓度范围显著扩展。相关 tet 调控系统可产生约 5000 倍诱导,基础表达低至约每 3 个 E. coli 细胞 1 条 mRNA;分枝杆菌 ftsZ 条件敲除诱导 >100 倍,链霉菌约 270 倍。诱导响应约 45 min–1 h,atc 洗脱后约 4 h 表型逆转。原文未给出 RSD、回收率或 LOD。
传感器的构成
- 宿主细胞/换能器:大肠杆菌(E. coli)全细胞,作为 TetR 表达与报告基因转录的载体
- 表达载体/调控盒:质粒或染色体整合元件,携带 tetR 基因和 tetO 敏感启动子(如 PLtetO-1、PtetA、Pxyl/tet)
- 识别元件:Tet 阻遏蛋白 TetR(TetR(B) 或变体),结合 tetO 或结合四环素后改变构象
- 被测物/诱导剂:四环素(tc)、无水四环素(atc)或四环素衍生物,结合 TetR 解除抑制
- 信号标记/报告基因:GFP、荧光素酶(luciferase)或 β-半乳糖苷酶(β-gal),产生荧光、发光或酶活信号
- 可选扩展元件:tet(M) 抗性决定子,提高细胞对四环素耐受性,扩展检测浓度范围
- 信号读出:荧光、发光或酶活检测,信号强度随四环素浓度变化
中文摘要
基于 Tet 阻遏蛋白(TetR)的诱导型基因表达是分子遗传学中广泛使用的工具。在原始环境中,TetR 负调控细菌四环素(tc)抗性;当存在四环素时,TetR 被诱导并从其同源 DNA 序列 tetO 上解离,使四环素外排蛋白表达。本文全面综述了细菌中 tet 调控,并阐述不同调控架构的参数。部分系统依赖天然 tet 控制区,如转座子 Tn10;近期也有高效变体被改造用于不同革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性菌。新型 tet 可控人工或杂合启动子用于靶基因表达,其调控因子以组成型或自调控方式在不同水平表达。所得 tet 系统已用于多种目的。文章讨论了携带四环素敏感启动子的整合元件,以及革兰氏阴性和阳性菌中用于分析目的和蛋白过表达的 tet 调控,并概述 TetR 作为四环素体内生物传感器或合成生物学调控装置的应用。最后强调不同调控设置的技术规格,并介绍 TetR 变体的最新进展,可能扩展原核 tet 系统未来应用。
英文摘要
Inducible gene expression based upon Tet repressor (tet regulation) is a broadly applied tool in molecular genetics. In its original environment, Tet repressor (TetR) negatively controls tetracycline (tc) resistance in bacteria. In the presence of tc, TetR is induced and detaches from its cognate DNA sequence tetO, so that a tc antiporter protein is expressed. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview about tet regulation in bacteria and illustrate the parameters of different regulatory architectures. While some of these set-ups rely on natural tet-control regions like those found on transposon Tn10, highly efficient variations of this system have recently been adapted to different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Novel tet-controllable artificial or hybrid promoters were employed for target gene expression. They are controlled by regulators expressed at different levels either in a constitutive or in an autoregulated manner. The resulting tet systems have been used for various purposes. We discuss integrative elements vested with tc-sensitive promoters, as well as tet regulation in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria for analytical purposes and for protein overproduction. Also the use of TetR as an in vivo biosensor for tetracyclines or as a regulatory device in synthetic biology constructs is outlined. Technical specifications underlying different regulatory set-ups are highlighted, and finally recent developments concerning variations of TetR are presented, which may expand the use of prokaryotic tet systems in the future.