Nanomaterials-Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensors for Epithelial Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Advances.

In recent years, the interest in electrochemical biosensors has been constantly growing for epithelial cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The incorporation of the different nanomaterials as metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and nanocomposites, along with specific monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acids (aptamers) has improved both sensitivity and specificity in these methodologies. In this review, we have presented examples of electrochemical biosensors for the determination of different epithelial cancer biomarkers. Based on numerous reports in the recent literature, we highlight the use of single and multiplexed analytical platforms for the quantification of epithelial cancer biomarkers. In addition, we outline potential development pathways, current challenges, and future prospects in the field of electrochemical immuno-, apta-, and genosensors.