Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Biosensors for Antimicrobial Resistance Detection and Surveillance: A Review and Future Perspectives for Global Biosecurity.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to global health, undermining the efficacy of modern medicine. The escalating global epidemic of AMR jeopardizes the efficacy of contemporary medicine and undermines health systems globally. The swift, precise, and scalable identification of resistance determinants is essential for containment and stewardship initiatives; yet, existing surveillance techniques are constrained by time, expense, and accessibility. Recent advancements in biosensor technology and artificial intelligence (AI) provide a revolutionary approach to decentralized, intelligent AMR monitoring. This review consolidates recent advancements in biosensor platforms-encompassing electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, paper-based, and nanomaterial-based modalities-and their incorporation with AI and machine learning techniques for improved detection, signal interpretation, and predictive analytics. This study investigates the utilization of hybrid systems in clinical, veterinary, and environmental settings under the One Health surveillance framework. The research also examines the integration of AI-enabled biosensors within digital and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks, emphasizing its capacity to produce real-time, data-intensive insights for public health decision-making. Critical analysis is conducted on key problems, including sensor repeatability, data scarcity, algorithmic transparency, and regulatory adaptation, in conjunction with socioeconomic and ethical considerations. The report delineates prospective avenues for research, policy, and implementation, highlighting open data standards, equitable access, and interdisciplinary collaboration. These breakthroughs collectively indicate the emergence of AI-driven biosensing networks, which provide predictive, adaptive, and globally coordinated AMR surveillance.