Advances in biosensor technologies for the detection of antimicrobial resistance in

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) underscores the urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and portable diagnostics. In this paper, we have critically reviewed recent advances in biosensor technologies, integrating nanomaterials, aptamers, CRISPR/Cas systems, and microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms, that enable sub-hour and ultrasensitive detection of S. aureus and its resistance genes. These innovations offer powerful alternatives to conventional culture and PCR assays, forming the way for real-time, point-of-care antimicrobial resistance testing. Remaining challenges include matrix interference, lack of standardization, and limited clinical validation, yet continued integration with artificial intelligence and digital systems promises transformative diagnostic capabilities.