Yeast-Based Biotechnology for Civilian Security.

Yeasts are remarkably versatile microorganisms whose applications reach far beyond their traditional roles in fermentation. In recent years, they have also emerged as valuable tools in areas related to biosecurity and civilian protection. This paper explores how both conventional and non-conventional yeast can contribute to the detection, neutralisation, and prevention of biological and chemical threats. We review the use of recombinant yeast cells in biosensors for heavy metals, organic pollutants and endocrine-disrupting compounds, as well as their role in bioremediation and toxin removal. Special attention is given to the development of yeast-based vaccine platforms, including RNA and antigen-display systems using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella phaffii. These technologies illustrate how yeast can bridge biotechnology and security, offering low-cost, scalable and sustainable solutions. However, practical deployment still faces challenges such as biosensor stability, regulatory barriers for genetically modified strains and the need for standardised calibration. Altogether, yeast biotechnology is positioned as a promising and resilient component of future biodefense and environmental protection strategies, strengthening preparedness in the face of hybrid biological and chemical threats.