Biosensor applications in organ-on-a-chip platforms and disease modeling.

Research efforts are advancing with the use of microphysiological systems (MPS) and organ-on-a-chip systems (OoCs) integrated with biosensors for in vitro modeling of cell and tissue function for a better understanding of dynamic cellular microenvironments and disease mechanisms. OoC systems coupled with biosensors enable more accurate modeling of human physiology and disease. These platforms provide non-invasive, enhanced real-time monitoring of cellular behaviors and responses with high sensitivity and selectivity and allow for more physiologically and pharmacologically relevant models for high-throughput drug screening, systemic disease modeling, pharmacokinetic modeling, and personalized medicine. The integration of biosensors allows for precise detection of biomarkers, physiological changes, and drug effects, providing valuable insights into disease mechanisms, drug toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of biosensor types and recent advancements with particular focus on applications to in vitro modeling of cell and tissue function. Specific examples of organ-on-a-chip systems integrated with biosensors are then highlighted, including applications in disease modeling.