Wiring efficiency of a metallizable DNA linker for site-addressable nanobioelectronic assembly.

We report the first demonstration of DNA oligonucleotide tags used to address the site-specific assembly of multiple redox enzymes onto spatially distinct regions of a nanoelectronic platform, establishing a direct electrical contact. The resulting system constitutes a multiplexed carbon nanotube-redox protein biosensor capable of detecting varying concentrations of several different substances in real time. The efficiency and robustness of the enzyme linking scheme is explored in detail, showing a high degree of preservation of enzymatic activity and an efficient electrical contact at the enzyme-nanoelectrode interface. While five proteins have been used as a demonstration in this study, there is virtually no limit to the number of enzymes that could be bound in parallel using this linking strategy, which is universally applicable to all proteins due to the simple conjugation chemistry involved. We further demonstrate metallization of the linker in the presence of a divalent metal cation, inducing elevated electron transfer efficiency relative to the native DNA link.