Progress and recent advances in phosphate sensors: a review.

This review covers the progress made in the development of sensors for inorganic and organic phosphates that are significant pollutants within the environmental and biological systems. Phosphate sensors in the forms of amperometric, potentiometric enzyme electrodes, plant tissue electrode and screen printed electrode are described. Instrumental probes such as fluorescence, chemiluminescence, luminescence and potentiometric ion selective electrodes are also described. Recent efforts on the use of voltammetric, potentiometric and amperometric biosensors for the determination of phosphate are highlighted.