Conducting polymer based electrochemical biosensors.

Conducting polymer (CP)-based electrochemical biosensors have gained great attention as such biosensor platforms are easy and cost-effective to fabricate, and provide a direct electrical readout for the presence of biological analytes with high sensitivity and selectivity. CP materials themselves are both sensing elements and transducers of the biological recognition event at the same time, simplifying sensor designs. This review summarizes the advances in electrochemical biosensors based on CPs. Recognition probe immobilisation techniques, transduction mechanisms and detection of various target biomolecules have been discussed in detail. Efforts to miniaturize CP-based electrochemical biosensors and fabrication of sensor arrays are also briefly reviewed.