Point of care testing: The impact of nanotechnology.

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices are integral in the health care system and particularly for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. POC testing has a variety of advantages including the ability to provide rapid and accurate results, ease of use, low cost, and little need for specialized equipment. One of the goals of POC testing is the development of a chip-based, miniaturized, portable, and self-containing system that allows for the assay of different analytes in complex samples. To achieve these goals, many researchers have focused on paper-based and printed electrode technologies as the material for fabricating POC diagnostic systems. These technologies are affordable, sensitive, user-friendly, rapid, and scalable for manufacturing. Moreover, the combination such devices with nanomaterials provide a path for the development of highly sensitive and selective biosensors for future generation POC tools. This review article discusses present technologies in on-site or at home POC diagnostic assays implemented in paper-based microfluidic and screen printing devices over the past decade as well as in the near future. In addition, recent advances in the application of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic nanoparticles, and graphene in POC devices will be reviewed. The factors that limit POC testing to become real world products and future directions are also identified.