电化学生物传感器 2009

PMMA biosensor for nucleic acids with integrated mixer and electrochemical detection.

Biosensors & bioelectronics Nugen SR, Asiello PJ, Connelly JT, Baeumner AJ
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组成图示

PMMA biosensor for nucleic acids with... 传感器构成示意图

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传感器类型

电化学生物传感器

检测对象

小孢子虫 hsp70 mRNA 扩增产物(Cryptosporidium parvum hsp70 mRNA NASBA amplicon);样品基质:小孢子虫卵囊裂解液/NASBA 扩增产物(文中亦提及环境水样)

检测原理

检测对象为小孢子虫 hsp70 mRNA 的 NASBA 扩增产物。首先,链霉亲和素超顺磁微球上的生物素捕获探针与目标 RNA 杂交,胆固醇标记报告探针嵌入脂质体并与目标 RNA 另一区域杂交,形成磁珠—目标—脂质体夹心复合物。微流控通道中的锯齿混合器促进混合,磁场将复合物固定在 IDUA 上方并洗去未结合脂质体。随后注入洗涤剂 OG 裂解脂质体,释放其中包裹的钾亚铁氰化/铁氰化。在 IDUA 施加 400 mV 电位,铁氰化/亚铁氰化发生氧化还原反应,产生与释放量成正比的电流;电流—时间曲线下面积(nA s)作为定量信号。信号放大来自 NASBA 核酸扩增、脂质体包裹大量氧化还原指示剂以及磁珠富集。

检测灵敏度

LOD: 1 oocyst(原文:amplified mRNA from only 1 oocyst was detectable);原文未报告线性范围、灵敏度斜率或 R^2。

效应效果

该传感器对 0、1、3、5 个 C. parvum 卵囊的 NASBA 扩增产物进行检测,1、3、5 卵囊结果经侧流层析试纸确认阳性;各浓度间经 Student t 检验统计可区分(P<0.05)。虽然单次峰高存在波动,但电流—时间曲线下面积(nA s)可重复,背景低,非特异结合少,作者归因于负电荷脂质体与经羧酸修饰的负电荷 PMMA 表面之间的静电排斥。器件尺寸约 10 mm×40 mm×3 mm,含双检测通道;UV 辅助热键合可保护 IDUA,优于溶剂键合,且表面硫醇化使金电极在重复使用中保持粘附。作者认为该平台可发展为从裂解细胞到检测信号的微全分析系统,用于环境水样中小孢子虫检测,相比现行 EPA 方法更廉价、快速。

传感器的构成

  • 基底/换能器电极:PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)基底,热压成型微流控通道;Au(金)IDUA(互指超微电极阵列,200 nm,10 μm 宽、5 μm 间隙)作为电化学换能器
  • 表面功能化层:UV 处理 PMMA 表面生成羧酸(约 8 nmol/cm2),EDC/sulfo-NHS 偶联半胱胺(cystamine)形成硫醇化表面,用于 Au 电极粘附
  • 识别元件:链霉亲和素(streptavidin)超顺磁微球(superparamagnetic beads)偶联生物素标记捕获探针(biotin-tagged capture probe),用于捕获 hsp70 mRNA 扩增产物
  • 信号标记物:胆固醇标记报告探针(cholesterol-tagged reporter probe)嵌入脂质体(liposome)双分子层,用于与目标 RNA 杂交
  • 信号放大/电化学指示剂:脂质体包裹钾亚铁氰化/铁氰化(potassium ferro/ferrihexacyanide),裂解释放后在 IDUA 上发生氧化还原反应产生电流
  • 微流控混合/样品处理:锯齿形微混合器(sawtooth micromixer)和双通道用于混合杂交与输送样品;n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(OG)洗涤剂裂解脂质体
  • 信号读出:Epsilon 恒电位仪(potentiostat)在 400 mV 下对 IDUA 进行安培/库仑检测,读取电流-时间曲线下面积

中文摘要

本文报道了一种基于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)聚合物基底的电化学生物传感器,用于低成本、可一次性使用的核酸检测。以小孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)hsp70 mRNA 的 NASBA 扩增产物为模型分析物。作者采用铜母版热压成型在 PMMA 中制作微流控通道,并在 PMMA 表面直接制备互指超微电极阵列(IDUA)。PMMA 表面经 8 min 紫外处理后生成约 8 nmol/cm2 羧酸,再通过 EDC/sulfo-NHS 偶联半胱胺形成硫醇化表面,随后蒸镀 200 nm 金并光刻形成 10 μm 宽、5 μm 间隙的 IDUA。含通道的 PMMA 片与含 IDUA 的 PMMA 片经紫外辅助热键合,接触角由 62.5°±0.7°降至 48.4°±0.2°,有利于毛细流动。检测采用夹心杂交:链霉亲和素超顺磁微球上的捕获探针与目标 RNA 结合,胆固醇标记报告探针嵌入脂质体并与目标另一区域杂交;脂质体包裹钾亚铁氰化/铁氰化,裂解后在 IDUA 上安培定量。该传感器可检出仅 1 个卵囊的扩增 mRNA,最终器件约 10 mm×40 mm×3 mm,含双检测通道。

英文摘要

This paper discusses the design, microfabrication and use of an electrochemical biosensor based on a polymer substrate for cost effectiveness and disposability. As model analyte, amplified hsp70 mRNA from Cryptosporidium parvum was chosen. Microfluidic channels were fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using hot embossing with a copper master. The electrochemical transducer, an interdigitated ultramicroelectrode array (IDUA) was also realized directly on the PMMA surface. First, the unstructured PMMA surface was UV functionalized. An 8 min UV treatment resulted in a carboxylic acid density of approximately 8 nmol/cm(2) on the PMMA surface. The surface carboxylic acid groups were then conjugated to cystamine using water-soluble carbodiimide chemistry. Gold (200 nm) was then evaporated onto the thiol-functionalized surface. Using standard photolithography techniques, the IDUA containing 10 microm wide electrodes with 5 microm gaps was then formed followed by a gold etch. The PMMA surface containing the microchannel was subsequently bonded to the PMMA surface containing the IDUA using UV-assisted thermal bonding. The additional UV treatment also served to decrease the water contact angle of the surface from 62.5 degrees +/-0.7 degrees to 48.4 degrees +/-0.2 degrees thus, aiding with the capillary flow in the device. The hsp70 mRNA was isolated from C. parvum oocysts and amplified using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The amplicon was detected in a sandwich hybridization assay with capture probe-coated superparamagnetic beads and reporter probe-tagged liposomes. The liposomes entrapped potassium ferro/ferrihexacyanide to enable amperometric quantification of the amplicon on the IDUA. Amplified mRNA from only 1 oocyst was detectable with this PMMA biosensor. The final detection device measured approximately 10 mm x 40 mm x 3 mm and contained two detection channels for dual analyses.

关键词

PMMA微流控芯片电化学生物传感器小孢子虫hsp70 mRNA脂质体互指超微电极阵列